README.md

metadata

dataset_info:
  - config_name: christian
    features:
      - name: masked
        dtype: string
      - name: text
        dtype: string
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: christian
        dtype: string
      - name: jewish
        dtype: string
      - name: muslim
        dtype: string
    splits:
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 14211791
        num_examples: 13757
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 3995271
        num_examples: 3931
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 2017967
        num_examples: 1965
    download_size: 12786146
    dataset_size: 20225029
  - config_name: jewish
    features:
      - name: masked
        dtype: string
      - name: text
        dtype: string
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: christian
        dtype: string
      - name: jewish
        dtype: string
      - name: muslim
        dtype: string
    splits:
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 3704887
        num_examples: 3461
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 1042114
        num_examples: 990
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 536692
        num_examples: 494
    download_size: 3284313
    dataset_size: 5283693
  - config_name: muslim
    features:
      - name: masked
        dtype: string
      - name: text
        dtype: string
      - name: source
        dtype: string
      - name: christian
        dtype: string
      - name: jewish
        dtype: string
      - name: muslim
        dtype: string
    splits:
      - name: train
        num_bytes: 3164309
        num_examples: 2830
      - name: validation
        num_bytes: 944553
        num_examples: 809
      - name: test
        num_bytes: 424153
        num_examples: 404
    download_size: 2809058
    dataset_size: 4533015
configs:
  - config_name: christian
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: christian/train-*
      - split: validation
        path: christian/validation-*
      - split: test
        path: christian/test-*
  - config_name: jewish
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: jewish/train-*
      - split: validation
        path: jewish/validation-*
      - split: test
        path: jewish/test-*
  - config_name: muslim
    data_files:
      - split: train
        path: muslim/train-*
      - split: validation
        path: muslim/validation-*
      - split: test
        path: muslim/test-*
license: cc-by-sa-4.0
language:
  - en

GRADIEND Religion Data

This dataset consists of templated sentences with the masked word being sensitive to religion, e.g., Jewish.

See GENTER and GRADIEND Race Data for similar datasets.

Usage

The dataset uses one subset per class. Subset names are class identifiers: jewish, christian, muslim. Each subset has columns masked, split, and one column per class (e.g. christian, jewish, muslim) giving the token for that class in that row.

from datasets import load_dataset

# Load one subset (one class view), e.g. "christian"
ds = load_dataset("aieng-lab/gradiend_religion_data", "christian", split="train")
# ds has columns: masked, split, christian, jewish, muslim
label = ds['christian']
alternative_target = ds['jewish'] # or 'muslim'

split can be either train, val, test, or all.

Dataset Details

Dataset Description

This dataset is a filtered version of Wikipedia-10 containing only sentences that contain a religion bias sensitive word of the source_id religion. We used the same bias sensitive words as defined by Maede et al. (2021) (bias attribute words).

It is stored in per-class form: each subset (e.g. christian) corresponds to one source class. Rows are identified by (masked, split). For each other class, the corresponding column holds the target token when that class is the counterfactual target (e.g. column jewish in subset christian is the token used when the target class is jewish).

Dataset Sources

• Repository: github.com/aieng-lab/gradiend-bias
• Paper:
• Original Data: Wikipedia-10 (a subset of English Wikipedia)

Dataset Structure

• text: the original entry of Wikipedia-10
• masked: the masked version of text (i.e., contains a [MASK] at every occurrence of the subset column)
• christian/jewish/muslim: The mask target words for christian/jewish/muslim religions. Note that the column equal to the subset id is the original value of the [MASK] token.

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

For the training of a religion bias GRADIEND models, a diverse dataset is required to asses model gradients relevant to bias-sensitive information.

Source Data

The dataset is derived from Wikipedia-10 by filtering it and extracting the template structure. Whe Wikipedia-10 dump is derived from English Wikipedia by Maede et al. 2021.

Limitations

Note that the splitting is performed entirely random. Thus, the same masked text might occur in other splits (in combination with other target words). The same limitation holds across different religions.

Citation

BibTeX:

@inproceedings{drechsel2026gradiend,
    title={{GRADIEND}: Feature Learning within Neural Networks Exemplified through Biases},
    author={Jonathan Drechsel and Steffen Herbold},
    booktitle={The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations},
    year={2026},
    url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=1vBNAnAgCD}
}

Dataset Card Authors

jdrechsel