--- dataset_info: - config_name: christian features: - name: masked dtype: string - name: text dtype: string - name: source dtype: string - name: christian dtype: string - name: jewish dtype: string - name: muslim dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 14211791 num_examples: 13757 - name: validation num_bytes: 3995271 num_examples: 3931 - name: test num_bytes: 2017967 num_examples: 1965 download_size: 12786146 dataset_size: 20225029 - config_name: jewish features: - name: masked dtype: string - name: text dtype: string - name: source dtype: string - name: christian dtype: string - name: jewish dtype: string - name: muslim dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 3704887 num_examples: 3461 - name: validation num_bytes: 1042114 num_examples: 990 - name: test num_bytes: 536692 num_examples: 494 download_size: 3284313 dataset_size: 5283693 - config_name: muslim features: - name: masked dtype: string - name: text dtype: string - name: source dtype: string - name: christian dtype: string - name: jewish dtype: string - name: muslim dtype: string splits: - name: train num_bytes: 3164309 num_examples: 2830 - name: validation num_bytes: 944553 num_examples: 809 - name: test num_bytes: 424153 num_examples: 404 download_size: 2809058 dataset_size: 4533015 configs: - config_name: christian data_files: - split: train path: christian/train-* - split: validation path: christian/validation-* - split: test path: christian/test-* - config_name: jewish data_files: - split: train path: jewish/train-* - split: validation path: jewish/validation-* - split: test path: jewish/test-* - config_name: muslim data_files: - split: train path: muslim/train-* - split: validation path: muslim/validation-* - split: test path: muslim/test-* license: cc-by-sa-4.0 language: - en --- # GRADIEND Religion Data This dataset consists of templated sentences with the masked word being sensitive to religion, e.g., *Jewish*. See [GENTER](https://huggingface.co/datasets/aieng-lab/genter) and [GRADIEND Race Data](https://huggingface.co/datasets/aieng-lab/gradiend_race_data) for similar datasets. ## Usage The dataset uses **one subset per class**. Subset names are class identifiers: `jewish`, `christian`, `muslim`. Each subset has columns `masked`, `split`, and one column per class (e.g. `christian`, `jewish`, `muslim`) giving the token for that class in that row. ```python from datasets import load_dataset # Load one subset (one class view), e.g. "christian" ds = load_dataset("aieng-lab/gradiend_religion_data", "christian", split="train") # ds has columns: masked, split, christian, jewish, muslim label = ds['christian'] alternative_target = ds['jewish'] # or 'muslim' ``` `split` can be either `train`, `val`, `test`, or `all`. ## Dataset Details ### Dataset Description This dataset is a filtered version of [Wikipedia-10](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1boQTn44RnHdxWeUKQAlRgQ7xrlQ_Glwo/view?usp=sharing) containing only sentences that contain a religion bias sensitive word of the `source_id` religion. We used the same bias sensitive words as defined by [Maede et al. (2021)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.08527) ([bias attribute words](https://github.com/McGill-NLP/bias-bench/blob/main/data/bias_attribute_words.json)). It is stored in per-class form: each subset (e.g. `christian`) corresponds to one source class. Rows are identified by (masked, split). For each other class, the corresponding column holds the target token when that class is the counterfactual target (e.g. column `jewish` in subset `christian` is the token used when the target class is `jewish`). ### Dataset Sources - **Repository:** [github.com/aieng-lab/gradiend-bias](https://github.com/aieng-lab/gradiend-bias) - **Paper:** [![arXiv](https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2502.01406-blue.svg)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.01406) - **Original Data**: [Wikipedia-10](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1boQTn44RnHdxWeUKQAlRgQ7xrlQ_Glwo) (a subset of [English Wikipedia](https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia)) ## Dataset Structure - `text`: the original entry of Wikipedia-10 - `masked`: the masked version of `text` (i.e., contains a `[MASK]` at every occurrence of the subset column) - `christian`/`jewish`/`muslim`: The mask target words for christian/jewish/muslim religions. Note that the column equal to the subset id is the original value of the `[MASK]` token. ## Dataset Creation ### Curation Rationale For the training of a religion bias [GRADIEND models](https://github.com/aieng-lab/gradiend), a diverse dataset is required to asses model gradients relevant to bias-sensitive information. ### Source Data The dataset is derived from [Wikipedia-10](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1boQTn44RnHdxWeUKQAlRgQ7xrlQ_Glwo) by filtering it and extracting the template structure. Whe Wikipedia-10 dump is derived from [English Wikipedia](https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia) by [Maede et al. 2021](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.08527). ### Limitations Note that the splitting is performed entirely random. Thus, the same masked text might occur in other splits (in combination with other target words). The same limitation holds across different religions. ## Citation **BibTeX:** ``` @inproceedings{drechsel2026gradiend, title={{GRADIEND}: Feature Learning within Neural Networks Exemplified through Biases}, author={Jonathan Drechsel and Steffen Herbold}, booktitle={The Fourteenth International Conference on Learning Representations}, year={2026}, url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=1vBNAnAgCD} } ``` ## Dataset Card Authors [jdrechsel](https://huggingface.co/jdrechsel)